His most notable work is Cengage Learning's Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology title, which is now entering its 9th Edition (2021). This book is used in more than 1,000 schools both in this country and abroad to help individuals master the skills they need to install, ...Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology [Tomczyk, John, Silberstein, Eugene, Whitman, Bill, Johnson, Bill] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on …Synopsis. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 6th Edition, a time-honored best seller, has been updated and revised to provide superior hands-on information needed to successfully maintain and troubleshoot today's complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems.This course represents all of the fundamental aspects of the theoretical knowledge and practical skills required by all persons wishing to work in the air conditioning and/or the refrigeration fields. This course forms the foundation and as such it is imperative that all persons complete the course. Technology 2, 3 and the diploma …As an HVAC technician or someone interested in air conditioning systems, understanding the key factors that impact 410A refrigerant pressures is crucial. The proper functioning of ...Hydronic Heat. 34. Indoor Air Quality. Section VII: AIR CONDITIONING (COOLING). 35. Comfort and Psychrometrics. 36. Refrigeration Applied to Air Conditioning. 37. Air Distribution and Balance. 38. Installation. 39. Residential Energy Auditing 40. Typical ... Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology MindTap Course List Series: Authors: …Refrigeration and air conditioning technology. The ___ is used to switch the unit between the heating and cooling modes of operation. a. four-way valve. b. bi-valve. c. two-way valve. d. switching valve. Click the card to flip 👆. A. Click the card to flip 👆.Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems: Theory and Applications | SpringerLink. Book. © 2017. Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning …Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through radiation, convection, ... commercial kitchen ventilation systems …Refrigeration Committee encourages the advancement of refrigeration technology and its application.This committee reports to Technology Council. Through its use in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, the refrigeration process is critical to health, comfort, and welfare of humanity.Centres currently offering the Level 2 and 3 NVQ in Refrigeration & Air-conditioning (6087) can gain fast-track approval. ... including the capacity to problem solve and use technology effectively. They are also key to triggering conditions of funding. Find out more. For LearnersRefrigeration, or cooling process, is the removal of unwanted heat from a selected object, substance, or space and its transfer to another object, substance, or space. Removal of heat lowers the temperature and may be accomplished by use of ice, snow, chilled water or mechanical refrigeration. D). Mechanical refrigeration, is the utilization of ...Assemble and install refrigeration or air conditioning components such as motors, controls, gauges, valves, circulating pumps, condensers, humidifiers, evaporators and compressors using hand and power tools. Measure and cut piping, and connect piping using welding and brazing equipment. Install, troubleshoot and overhaul entire heating ...REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY, Ninth Edition, is a time-honored best-seller offering the hands-on guidance, practical applications, and solid foundation your students need to understand modern HVAC service and repair, its environmental challenges, and their solutions.Air conditioning isn’t a luxury when you’re driving in a car in 90-degree heat. When a person overheats they can lose focus, have a shorter temper and make mistakes. Luckily, it’s ... Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 9th Tabs. $ 12.99. Add to cart. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 9th – Pre-Printed Permanent Tabs – During your exam, time is of the essence. By having your pages tabbed, you can greatly increase your speed in referencing key exam topics. These tabs are pre-printed and permanent. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology. Develop the knowledge and skills you need to maintain and troubleshoot today’s complex heating, air … Equip your students with the knowledge and skills they need to maintain and troubleshoot today’s complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems with REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY, 8th Edition. Higher Ed instructors: Sign in to access your products and courses, or access full eBooks and resources. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technology. Paperback – 16 Oct. 1995. This text has been designed for students taking mechanics and technician courses at technical schools, colleges and other training institutions. It is a practical guide to refrigeration and air-conditioning maintenance and service. The "Motivate" series has been ...This "Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology" book is available in PDF Formate. Downlod free this book, Learn from this free book and enhance your skills ... Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps 5th Edition by AN R Trott, G F Hundy and T C WelchJan 1, 2020 · Tomczyk has 29 years of teaching experience at the Refrigeration, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Technology program at Ferris State University and is a member of many HVAC/R trade organizations. Bill Whitman contributed a wealth of academic expertise as well as industry knowledge to this book. Mr. Whitman graduated from Keene State College in ... Lab Manual for Tomczyk/Silberstein/ Whitman/Johnson’s Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 8th. ISBN-13: 9781305578708. The Laboratory Manual is a valuable tool designed to enhance your students’ lab experience. The manual includes a variety of resources, such as lab activities, objectives, materials lists, step-by-step … Heat gains and heat losses in structures ; Air source heat pumps ; Geothermal heat pumps -- Section 9: Domestic appliances. Domestic refrigerators and freezers ; Room air conditioners -- Section 10: Commercial air-conditioning and chilled-water systems. Feb 25, 2008 · Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 6th Edition, a time-honored best seller, has been updated and revised to provide superior hands-on information needed to successfully maintain and troubleshoot today's complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology 9th Edition is written by Eugene Silberstein; Jason Obrzut; John Tomczyk; Bill Whitman; Bill Johnson and published by Cengage Learning. The Digital and eTextbook ISBNs for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology are 9798214351902, and the print ISBNs are …Who invented the refrigerator is explained in this article from HowStuffWorks. Find out who invented the refrigerator. Advertisement You might hate dragging your groceries home and...But it also involves problem-solving skills, basic math skills, the ability to read and interpret specifications, and the ability to work with power tools and sophisticated technology. The one-year Refrigeration and Air Conditioning certificate program is offered in Saskatoon.Cover title: Refrigeration & air conditioning technology Includes index Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2010-08-23 21:26:40 Bookplateleaf 0004 Boxid IA126316 Camera Canon EOS 5D Mark II City Albany Donor alibris Edition 3rd ed. External-identifier urn:oclc:record:1036796263 This three-year Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Technology advanced diploma program provides you with an understanding of the factors involved in designing, building, controlling, and maintaining energy-efficient building environmental systems. The first two years of the program will give you practical skills through hands-on ... Air conditioning, Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery, Climatisation, Réfrigération et appareils frigorifiques, air conditioning Publisher London : Macmillan Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks Contributor Internet Archive Language English This study was conducted to explore a practical discussion on helping the students' professional competency. More specifically, this study conducted two studies developing a competency analysis profile on refrigeration and air conditioning technology, and examining the essential core competencies for training undergraduate students in …Refrigeration & air conditioning technology by Whitman, William C., 1930-Publication date 2005 Topics Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery, Air conditioning Publisher Clifton Park, NY : Thomson Delmar Learning Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks Contributor Internet Archive LanguageRefrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology (MindTap Course List) $162.50 Only 1 left in stock - order soon. Book by Whitman, Bill, Johnson, Bill, Tomczyck, John Read moreTesting laboratory for refrigeration technology, air conditioning technology, ventilation technology. Saving energy, reducing costs and protecting people and ...The Leading Provider of Higher Education Course Materials – CengageHello I'm trying to see any9ne has the ebook pdf for: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology (MindTap Course List) 9th Edition ISBN-13: 978-0357122273, ISBN-10: 0357122275 Thank you! Share Sort by: Best. Open comment sort options. Best. Top. New. Controversial. Old. Q ...Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 6th Edition, a time-honored best seller, has been updated and revised to provide superior hands-on …In addition to chilling and freezing applications, refrigeration technology is applied in air conditioning and heat pumps. This chapter describes the fundamentals of …Fluorine is a highly reactive element that is used in processing nuclear fuel, in producing plastics and as a glass etching solution. It can also be found in toothpaste and drinkin...But it also involves problem-solving skills, basic math skills, the ability to read and interpret specifications, and the ability to work with power tools and sophisticated technology. The one-year Refrigeration and Air Conditioning certificate program is offered in Saskatoon.This course includes the advanced aspects of air conditioning and refrigeration including central plant and air conditioning in depth. This course will enable the student to perform retrofitting work, conduct heat load calculations for quoting and installation purposes, ventilation rate calculations for commercial and industrial applications ...Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems: Theory and Applications | SpringerLink. Book. © 2023. Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning …COOL KENYA IS A KENYAN COMPANY THAT SPECIALIZES IN AIR CONDITIONING, VENTILATION & REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS. Our core activity is installation and servicing of ...Solutions Manual for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology 8th Edition by Tomczyk IBSN 9781305578296 Full clear download (no formatting errors) at: ...19 Jan 2024 ... Integrated design: Intelligent refrigeration equipment is increasingly integrated with other home intelligent systems to realize the concept of ...Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology (MindTap Course List) $121.64. (429) In Stock. Equip yourself with the knowledge and skills to maintain and troubleshoot today's …Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology (MindTap Course List) [Silberstein, Eugene, Obrzut, Jason, Tomczyk, John, Whitman, Bill, Johnson, Bill] on …Download as PDF. Download Original PDF. This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to shareit. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCAreport form. Report DMCA. CONTACT. 1243 Schamberger Freeway Apt. 502Port Orvilleville, ON H8J-6M9. (719) 696-2375 x665.Lab Manual for Tomczyk/Silberstein/ Whitman/Johnson’s Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 8th. ISBN-13: 9781305578708. The Laboratory Manual is a valuable tool designed to enhance your students’ lab experience. The manual includes a variety of resources, such as lab activities, objectives, materials lists, step-by-step …Because you can’t sleep over at your friend's air-conditioned apartment every night. You can make your air conditioner more effective and efficient, you can make a DIY air conditio...Ventilation and air-conditioning With the product line for ventilation and air-conditioning, WIKA offers a comprehensive range of measuring instru-ments for central air-handling units and ventilation systems. Differential pressure measuring instruments, switches and transmitters are used for monitoring filters and ventilators.both a and c. air in a hydronic system can cause. both a and c. a pressure relief valve is set at 30 psi. the value is constantly opening and flooding the floor. what is causing the relief valve to constantly open. the system is overfiring. …Because you can’t sleep over at your friend's air-conditioned apartment every night. You can make your air conditioner more effective and efficient, you can make a DIY air conditio...Air-conditioning and refrigeration tubing that is very clean, dry, and normally charged with dry nitrogen. The tubing is sealed at the ends to contain the nitrogen. A substance manufactured from coal or coconut shells into pellets. It is often used to absorb solvents, other organic materials and odors.Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology. Develop the knowledge and skills you need to maintain and troubleshoot today’s complex heating, air …Equip your students with the knowledge and skills they need to maintain and troubleshoot today’s complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY, Ninth Edition, is a time-honored best-seller offering the hands-on guidance, practical applications, and solid foundation …In recent years, with the increase awareness towards environmental degradation due to the production, use and disposal of ChloroFluoro Carbons (CFCs) and Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as heat carrier fluids in conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems has become a subject of great concern and resulted in extensive …A standard air conditioner or cooling system uses a specialized chemical called refrigerant, and has three main mechanical components: a compressor, a ...Resources. Supporting content, such as the Instructor’s Manual, Lesson Plans, and PowerPoints, to help plan and deliver course material. Material to evaluate student comprehension, skills, and knowledge of chapter and course content. Media, such as videos, audio recordings, images, and web links, to augment course material.Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology. $184.95. (417) In Stock. Equip yourself with the knowledge and skills to maintain and troubleshoot today's complex heating, air …Jan 1, 2016 · Now retired, Bill Johnson has taught heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration for more than two decades in various technical colleges and factory schools. A graduate of Southern Technical Institute, a branch of Georgia Tech in Atlanta, he has also served as service manager for a major manufacturer for six years. Mr. AHMADUL AMEEN. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Jan 1, 2006 - Technology & Engineering - 512 pages. This textbook provides a concise, systematic treatment of essential theories and practical aspects of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. It is designed for students pursuing courses in mechanical engineering both at diploma and degree …Feb 25, 2008 · Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 6th Edition, a time-honored best seller, has been updated and revised to provide superior hands-on information needed to successfully maintain and troubleshoot today's complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems. Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration News. ASHRAE Journal. ASHRAE Transactions. Engineered Systems (ProQuest) Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning Engineering. Industrial Heating. Science & Technology for the Built Environment. Get Articles from Other Libraries.REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY (672) 1st SEMESTER Sl. No Subject Code Name of the subject T P C Marks Total Theory Practical Cont. assess Final exam Cont. assess Final exam 1 61011 Engineering Drawing 0 6 2 0 0 50 50 100 2 65711 Bangla 3 3 4 60 90 50 0 2003 days ago · Terms in this set (15) What is the function of the evaporator. The evaporator, absorbs heat into the refrigeration system. efrigerant in the evaporator changes from. Refrigerant in the evaporator changes from a liquid to vapor. The heat that is added to a vapor after all the liquid has boild away is referred to as. superheat. K12 MindTap™ for Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology, 9th Student Edition (1-year access) 9780357435205 $37.00. MindTap is the online solution for CTE courses, including a full, interactive eBook, annotation and study tools, auto-graded assessment, and data analytics. MindTap for HVAC includes numerous videos, certification practice ... The properties of R463A and R404A, as analyzed using national institute of standards and technology (NIST) reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties database (REFPROP) software and NIST vapor compression cycle model accounting for refrigerant thermodynamic and transport properties (CYCLE_D-HX) software, are in …6."Refrigeration and Air Conditioning" by Sapali S N. Buy-this-Book (India) Buy-this-book (US) 7."Refrigeration and Air Conditioning" by Hundy. “Refrigeration and Air Conditioning” Book Review: This book is a complete guide to understanding the principles and practical application of refrigeration.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A control device that opens and closes during the normal operation of a system is referred to as an, A control device that typically remains closed during normal system operation and opens when dangerous conditions are present is referred to as a, A thermostat is a and more. Gain a valuable skill and prepare for employment with DCC's Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology certificate program. The new Mechatronics Lab at DCC @ Fishkill features a dedicated HVAC Lab, with a training focus on refrigeration and heat pump systems, so you’ll graduate with the experience you need to start your career! [Ermac, 5(4): April, 2016] ISSN: 2277-9655 (I2OR), Publication Impact Factor: 3.785 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY Eugenio A. Ermac, Ph.D. Associate Professor V Technology …What You'll Study in the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Program. DCC equips you with the specialized knowledge you'll need for entry-level ... Gain a valuable skill and prepare for employment with DCC's Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology certificate program. The new Mechatronics Lab at DCC @ Fishkill features a dedicated HVAC Lab, with a training focus on refrigeration and heat pump systems, so you’ll graduate with the experience you need to start your career! Request PDF | On Aug 1, 2020, Zhenyuan Xu and others published Air-conditioning and refrigeration: ... as one of promising alternatives to traditional vapor compression refrigeration technology.6 Mar 2024 ... Use the library catalog to search for books on your subject, or place holds on the books listed below: Wake Tech Library Catalog (opens in ... Heat gains and heat losses in structures ; Air source heat pumps ; Geothermal heat pumps -- Section 9: Domestic appliances. Domestic refrigerators and freezers ; Room air conditioners -- Section 10: Commercial air-conditioning and chilled-water systems. Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration News. ASHRAE Journal. ASHRAE Transactions. Engineered Systems (ProQuest) Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning Engineering. Industrial Heating. Science & Technology for the Built Environment. Get Articles from Other Libraries.ISBN 10: 0333609581 ISBN 13: 9780333609583. Designed for students taking mechanics and technical courses, this book is a practical guide to refrigeration and air-conditioning maintenance and service. The titles in the series aim to provide the key technical and vocational concepts, along with chapter summaries, exercises and questions.Jan 1, 2020 · Tomczyk has 29 years of teaching experience at the Refrigeration, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Technology program at Ferris State University and is a member of many HVAC/R trade organizations. Bill Whitman contributed a wealth of academic expertise as well as industry knowledge to this book. Mr. Whitman graduated from Keene State College in ... Optimizing Heat Exchanger Designs for Refrigeration and Cooling Technology . Cooling an indoor ski slope, providing air conditioning to a prestigious old castle, or chilling and freezing consumer goods — these scenarios all require heat exchanger technology. thermofin GmbH ensures that their heat exchanger devices are optimized for a variety of …conditioning systems: a novel potential green refrigeratio n and air conditioning technology," International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 362-367 ...Solutions Manual for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology 8th Edition by Tomczyk IBSN 9781305578296 Full clear download (no formatting errors) at: ... Heat gains and heat losses in structures ; Air source heat pumps ; Geothermal heat pumps -- Section 9: Domestic appliances. Domestic refrigerators and freezers ; Room air conditioners -- Section 10: Commercial air-conditioning and chilled-water systems. Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps, Fifth Edition, provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practice of refrigeration. Clear and comprehensive, it is suitable for both trainee and professional HVAC engineers, with a straightforward approach that also helps inexperienced readers gain a comprehensive …Tomczyk has 29 years of teaching experience at the Refrigeration, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Technology program at Ferris State University and is a member of many HVAC/R trade organizations. Since entering the HVAC industry in 1980, Eugene has taken on many roles ranging from field technician and system designer to company …This course includes the advanced aspects of air conditioning and refrigeration including central plant and air conditioning in depth. This course will enable the student to perform retrofitting work, conduct heat load calculations for quoting and installation purposes, ventilation rate calculations for commercial and industrial applications ...The Leading Provider of Higher Education Course Materials – Cengage
Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through radiation, convection, ... commercial kitchen ventilation systems operate at 100% fan speed independent of the volume of cooking activity and DCKV technology changes that to provide significant fan energy and conditioned air savings.. Scheduling esosuite
Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology Advanced Diploma Program Code: 03601 Campus: North Length: 6 semesters starting in September. Semester 1 Proposed Fall 2020 Delivery HRAC 100: Refrigeration 1 Online / In-person HRAC 101: HVAC Controls 1 Online / In-person HRAC 102: Engineering PracticesWhen did indoor air become cold and clean? Air conditioning is one of those inventions that have become so ubiquitous that many in the developed world don’t even realize that less ...Clarence Birdseye (born December 9, 1886, New York, New York, U.S.—died October 7, 1956, New York) was an American businessman and inventor best known for developing a process for freezing foods in small packages suitable for retailing. Birdseye was raised in Brooklyn, New York, and from a young age was interested in the natural sciences.Bibliographic information. Equip yourself with the knowledge and skills to maintain and troubleshoot today's complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration …AUR20220 – Certificate II Automotive Air Conditioning Technology This is a nationally recognised VET accredited course. Do you hold any of the qualifications listed below? Certificate II in Automotive Air Conditioning Technology Certificate II in Automotive Electrical Technology Certificate II in Automotive Cooling System Technology …HOUSTON, Dec. 21, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- IES Holdings, Inc. (“IES”) (NASDAQ: IESC) announced today that it has acquired an 80% ownership inter... HOUSTON, Dec. 21, 2020 (GLOBE ...AUR20220 – Certificate II Automotive Air Conditioning Technology This is a nationally recognised VET accredited course. Do you hold any of the qualifications listed below? Certificate II in Automotive Air Conditioning Technology Certificate II in Automotive Electrical Technology Certificate II in Automotive Cooling System Technology …This paper provides a review of research conducted on the use of CO 2 vapor compression cycles in refrigeration and air conditioning (AC) cycles for both transportation and stationary refrigeration. A primary intention of writing this review is to offer evidence and justification for many common cycle modifications, then connect these …Refrigeration & air conditioning technology by Whitman, William C., 1930-Publication date 2005 Topics Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery, Air conditioning Publisher Clifton Park, NY : Thomson Delmar Learning Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks Contributor Internet Archive LanguageEquip your students with the knowledge and skills to maintain and troubleshoot today's complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems with REFRIGERATION …His most notable work is Cengage Learning's Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology title, which is now entering its 9th Edition (2021). This book is used in more than 1,000 schools both in this country and abroad to help individuals master the skills they need to install, ...Air-conditioning and refrigeration tubing that is very clean, dry, and normally charged with dry nitrogen. The tubing is sealed at the ends to contain the nitrogen. A substance manufactured from coal or coconut shells into pellets. It is often used to absorb solvents, other organic materials and odors.9 Nov 2023 ... Students work on commercial refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, including heat pumps, ice machines, oil and gas systems. Students will ...Refrigeration & air conditioning technology by Whitman, William C., 1930-Publication date 2005 Topics Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery, Air conditioning Publisher Clifton Park, NY : Thomson Delmar Learning Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks Contributor Internet Archive LanguageISBN-13: 9780357122273. Develop the knowledge and skills you need to maintain and troubleshoot today’s complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems with REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY, Ninth Edition. This best-selling, easy-to-understand resource provides hands-on guidance, practical applications, and …Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology 9th Edition is written by Eugene Silberstein; Jason Obrzut; John Tomczyk; Bill Whitman; Bill Johnson and published by Cengage Learning. The Digital and eTextbook ISBNs for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology are 9798214351902, and the print ISBNs are …The AAS degree program consists of 60 credit hours and is often referred to as the “two year” program. It is a continuation of the Certificate program and progresses into Industrial and Commercial Air Conditioning and Refrigeration equipment and systems. The AAS also includes Heat Pumps, System Design, and the Mechanical Code.Refrigeration, or cooling process, is the removal of unwanted heat from a selected object, substance, or space and its transfer to another object, substance, or space. Removal of heat lowers the temperature and may be accomplished by use of ice, snow, chilled water or mechanical refrigeration. D). Mechanical refrigeration, is the utilization of ...conditioning systems: a novel potential green refrigeratio n and air conditioning technology," International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 362-367 ....