Nuclear outages - Note: Nuclear capacity in outage is estimated based on monthly generation data collected by EIA and daily availability data from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Outages at U.S. nuclear power ...

 
Additional Pay. $30K - $56K / yr. $162K. /yr. $122K$223K. Most Likely Range. The estimated total pay for a Nuclear Plant Outage Coordinator is $162,239 per year in the United States area, with an average salary of $122,044 per year. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate .... 79th and halsted liquor store

The Onan company began making generators back in 1920, and while the company sold to Cummins back in the 1990s, the same product you’ve come to love is still available today, notes...Mar 13, 2018 · In the electric utility industry, “outage” can be an unwelcome word. However, for nuclear plants, scheduled refueling outages mean greater efficiency and reliability. In the spring and fall, when energy demand is lower, our nuclear plants temporarily shut down for refueling and maintenance. Most nuclear plants power down every 18 to 24 ... Nuclear Outage Schedule 2024-2025. Outage List. View only Upcoming Outages. Information about upcoming Outages for all US nuclear plants. Includes information about the area surrounding each plant.In Minnesota, some farmers who had planned to spend Friday night sowing seeds were hamstrung by the outages. “I’ve never dealt with anything like this,” said Patrick …With the rise of new nuclear technologies, the sector can finally address the dual challenge of meeting global climate goals and improving energy efficiency. US Q1 uranium production highest since 2018. US production of 82,533 pounds U3O8 (32.1 tU) in the first quarter of 2024 was the highest Q1 production since 2018 and almost 80% more … Nuclear Plant Pages Click PLANT NAMES BELOW to view directions to the plant, latest news, and resources around the plant like hotels, restaurants, banks, etc. Nuclear Outage Dates The dark patches in the latter image depict areas left without electricity. In February 2021, the state of Texas suffered a major power crisis, which came about during three severe winter storms sweeping across the United States on February 10–11, [6] 13–17, [7] and 15–20. The storms triggered the worst energy infrastructure failure in ...The length of planned U.S. nuclear power plant refueling outages has been cut by more than 10 days over the past 20 years, while the number of unplanned outages has fallen …Unprecedented teamwork. This was Steam Power’s first project involving the ‘re-bucketing’ of three nuclear steam turbine rotors simultaneously, and it was the largest-ever single mobilization for the On-Site Services team. Great planning, execution and attitude made this milestone project a true success. Lance Hall.This is the second unplanned outage at an Xcel nuclear plant in recent months. Xcel's Monticello nuclear plant shut down Sept. 27 after an issue with pressure control valves in the turbine during ...Nuclear Reactor Shutdown List. ISFSI Only: An Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation used to temporarily stor spent nuclear fuel. ISFSI Only is defined as a plant license that only permits spent nuclear fuel storage. DECON: DECONN is defined as the immediate dismantlement of the facility soon after it closes.France’s Nuclear Shutdown Hits 50% of Reactors, Squeezing Supply. Some 28 reactors in France are now offline for maintenance. That’s keeping power prices high amid Europe’s energy crunch. By ...NexGen Energy Ltd has said its newly announced strategic purchase of 2.7 million pounds U3O8 (1039 tU), together with a recent share placement, "will significantly assist the company in funding ...Nuclear testing plays a crucial role in various industries, including medical research, environmental science, and forensic analysis. Accurate and reliable results are essential wh...Xcel Energy has promised state officials its Prairie Island nuclear power plant is almost back to full power despite the outage dragging on for nearly two months longer than expected. The ...Whether it’s due to severe weather conditions, equipment failure, or other unforeseen circumstances, power outages can be a major inconvenience. When you find yourself in the dark,...French nuclear production is expected to reach its lowest production level since 1991 this year. This is mainly because of extended technical inspections and a large number of outages, but reduced production during the heat waves this summer has also played a part. By the end of August, we see that 25 out of 56 French nuclear plants are out of …The servers that run a number of major websites crashed Thursday morning. Affected websites included Delta, Airbnb, Vrbo, Expedia (including sister sites like Orbitz and Hotels.com...Oct 17, 2023 · Both outages lasted into June and increased the overall summer capacity outage duration. Unplanned, or forced, nuclear generation outages can result from equipment failure, operational error, or external circumstances such as severe weather. As of October 3, the United States had 31 unplanned U.S. nuclear outages in 2023, compared with 35 in 2022. 275 Nuclear outage jobs in United States. Most relevant. Cogentrix Energy Power Management, LLC. 4.0. O&M Technician. Lakewood, NJ. $35.00 - $40.00 Per Hour (Employer est.) Easy Apply.A nuclear worker observes the reactor core during a refueling outage. How Is a Nuclear Reactor Refueled? Once every 18 months or once every 2 years, depending on design, workers open up the reactor vessel, and using a crane and other mechanical tools, move about one-third of the oldest fuel bundles to a used fuel pool, reshuffle the younger ...22 Aug 2022 ... British nuclear power plant outages ; REACTORS OUT OF SERVICE ; REACTOR NAME. CAPACITY (MW). OUTAGE START ; Torness 1. 595. Aug. 10 ; Heysham 1-1.After over 450 days of uninterrupted operation, Unit 2 of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station will on Monday 17 January 2022 be taken offline for a regular ...Power Portfolio Nuclear. Remote. $99,000 - $140,000 a year. Knowledge of nuclear plant systems and analyses techniques, commercial plant outages, and nuclear industry practices. Posted. Today ·. More... View all Power Portfolio Nuclear jobs in Remote - Remote jobs - Systems Engineer Remote Access jobs in Remote.Along with replacing about one-third of the fuel in each reactor, workers completed other major projects during the nuclear outages this spring, including: In Illinois, workers at Quad Cities Unit 2 performed an overhaul and inspection of the turbine on one of the redundant core cooling systems; a full technical inspection of the Byron Station ...Sat 26 Nov 2022 13.19 EST. There are growing fears that Russia’s relentless targeting of Ukraine’s electricity grid will threaten the safety of the country’s nuclear power plants, in …Nuclear power plant outage management is a key factor for safe and economic nuclear power plant performance. This publication discusses plant outage strategy and how this strategy is actually implemented. The main areas that are important for outage optimization that were identified by the utilities and government organizations participating in ...The page includes two maps showing the capacity and outage status of U.S. nuclear plants. Nuclear power reactors are typically refueled every 18 to 24 months. Although the refueling process can be completed in as few as 10 days, outage periods are typically longer because of noncritical maintenance that is completed concurrently with refueling ...French energy group EDF has promised to restart all of its 32 nuclear reactors that are currently offline for maintenance and corrosion problems, the French energy minister said, as the government ...Along with replacing about one-third of the fuel in each reactor, workers completed other major projects during the nuclear outages this spring, including: In Illinois, workers at Quad Cities Unit 2 performed an overhaul and inspection of the turbine on one of the redundant core cooling systems; a full technical inspection of the Byron Station ...Columbia’s 26th refueling outage (R-26) took place in May - June, 2023. About 1,250 skilled workers, hired locally and from across the country, join Energy Northwest’s workforce of about 1,000 e mployees, to support refueling and maintenance projects. Workers replace about a third of the 764 nuclear fuel assemblies in Columbia’s core with ...Note: Nuclear capacity in outage is estimated based on monthly generation data collected by EIA and daily availability data from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Outages at U.S. nuclear power ...Without additional dispatchable power generation, traditionally from fossil fuels, Texas is vulnerable to power outages during peak demand periods if solar and wind power …France's EDF has reported record annual losses of EUR17.9 billion (USD19.0 billion) for 2022, largely due to nuclear power reactor outages in its French fleet for maintenance and repair work. However, output from the company's UK fleet of reactors increased last year. In France, state-controlled EDF's nuclear output dropped by 30% in 2022, to ... No guarantees as to its accuracy are implied. The information is to be considered 'as-is,' 'with all faults' and 'as available'. We do not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of the information. Click on a plant name to see full plant information or to update outage information. [Add a new plant] [Download CSV] [Gantt chart] Nuclear generators typically operate at or near maximum capacity. Nuclear plant operators generally schedule refueling outages for the fall and spring months, sometimes referred …Outage management is a key factor for safe, reliable and economic NPP performance. It involves many aspects including: plant policy; coordination of available resources; nuclear safety; regulatory and technical requirements; and all activities before and during the outage. The IAEA has produced this report on NPP outage management strategies as ...France's EDF warned that nuclear outages would cost it 4.5 billion euros ($4.72 billion) more than it estimated earlier this month, sending shares in the state-controlled power utility down more ...OSTI ID: 7254531. A list of refueling and maintenance outages at US nuclear power plants scheduled for the December 1985 through December 1986 period covers information on planned dates for the outages, major activities scheduled, critical path activities, planned coast downs, and operating cycle length. Utilities vary in whether they compute ...During the refueling outages, workers replaced or refurbished dozens of pumps and motors, performed quality assurance inspections on reactor and fuel components, and completed tens of thousands of other technical tasks to ensure the power plants provide uninterrupted carbon-free electricity for up to 24 straight months.Nuclear outages are typically lowest during the summer and winter months when electricity demand is relatively high. Outages can be either scheduled or unscheduled, and they can range from a partial outage, where only some of a plant’s capacity is offline, to a full outage, where the entire plant is shut down. A scheduled …Outages of U.S. nuclear generating capacity averaged 3.1 gigawatts (GW) per day during the summer of 2023 (June 1 through August 31), a return to 2021 levels. Capacity …236 Nuclear Plant Outages jobs available on Indeed.com. Apply to Senior Project Manager, Nuclear Engineer, Maintenance Supervisor and more!Outages of U.S. nuclear generating capacity averaged 3.1 gigawatts (GW) per day during the summer of 2023 (June 1 through August 31), a return to 2021 levels. Capacity … 275 Nuclear outage jobs in United States. Most relevant. Cogentrix Energy Power Management, LLC. 4.0. O&M Technician. Lakewood, NJ. $35.00 - $40.00 Per Hour (Employer est.) Easy Apply. Power Reactor Status Reports. Power Status (raw data text file) for the last 365 Days | Data Dictionary (Excel File) 2020s: 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020.DTE Energy's Fermi 2 Nuclear Power Plant began its 21st refueling and maintenance outage Friday evening. This regularly-scheduled activity occurs once every 18 months. But according to a press ...Nuclear Plant Pages Click PLANT NAMES BELOW to view directions to the plant, latest news, and resources around the plant like hotels, restaurants, banks, etc. Nuclear Outage DatesNuclear Plant Outages. Current Plant Status. The 10 most recent jobs posted on the Nuclear Job Board: [$$$] [Safety Engineer] Remote contract opportunity! Safety Analysis Engineer - System One - Bobbie Benton May 14, 2024 at 08:29:14. [$$$] I&C Designer - Spectra Tech, Inc. May 14, 2024 at 06:40:50. [$$$] Structural Engineer - Spectra Tech, …Oct 14, 2022 · Nuclear power plants undergo planned outages, usually for maintenance and refueling, and unplanned outages, which include weather-related disruptions and early retirements. U.S. nuclear outages are usually at their lowest in summer and winter because electricity demand is highest during these seasons and plant operators try to ensure plants are ... The Northeast blackout of 2003 was a widespread power outage throughout parts of the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, and most parts of the Canadian province of Ontario on Thursday, August 14, 2003, beginning just after 4:10 p.m. EDT.. Most places restored power by midnight (within 7 hours), some as early as 6 p.m. on August 14 …Operations Support Specialist IV. Energy Northwest. Richland, WA. $94,148 - $141,222 a year. Full-time. Must support the biennial refueling outage. Bachelor of Science degree in a technical field from an accredited college or university AND …According to the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) definition, an outage is when the reactor’s actual power is lower than the reference unit power for a period of time. …Fossil coal - derived gaz. Gaz fossile. Geothermal. Fossil Hard coal. Fossil Brown coal/Lignite. Fossil Oil shale. Hydro Water Reservoir. Hydro pumped storage. Fossil Peat.The Energy Information Administration (EIA) tracks U.S. nuclear plant outages and provides the information on a webpage that is updated daily based on Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) data ...Nuclear outages begin to increase with the start of the fall refueling season. March 28, 2013 Solar activity can affect transmission grid, but 2013 activity less than anticipated. March 15, 2013 Japan’s fossil-fueled generation remains high because of continuing nuclear plant outages.Direct costs associated with refueling outages can exceed $800,000 per day and additional lost margins for time off-line can top $500,000 per day. U.S. nuclear reactors shut down once every 18 to ...While it is near the bottom of the pack amongst other countries in terms of unplanned nuclear power outages, France’s nuclear energy availability the three years prior to 2022 was still nearly 70%. and reached that level again by January 2023. High river temperatures and curtailment. As for the output curtailments due to river conditions ...Published Nov. 15, 2022 Updated Nov. 16, 2022. An army of engineers has fanned out through nuclear power plants across France in recent months, inspecting reactors for signs of wear and tear ...Apr 26, 2024. As of October 2023, the number of refueling outages for nuclear power plants in the United States stood at 35 days, up from 30 in 2021. On average, refueling outages lasted longer ...During the refueling outages, workers replaced or refurbished dozens of pumps and motors, performed quality assurance inspections on reactor and fuel components, and completed tens of thousands of other technical tasks to ensure the power plants provide uninterrupted carbon-free electricity for up to 24 straight months.Power generation in Texas by fuel source. 40,000 megawatt hours. Natural gas power, the state’s top source of electricity, took the biggest hit during the storm. Natural gas. 30,000. Major ... Cycle Planner - Nuclear. Constellation Energy 3.6. Marseilles, IL 61341. $112,500 - $125,000 a year. The Cycle Planner is responsible for building and maintaining the online cycle plan work schedule between refuel outages (Cycle Plan). Active 4 days ago. View similar jobs with this employer. Between June 1 and August 31, nuclear generating capacity outages averaged 3.1 GW per day in the USA. Image by Wlad74 via iStock. The United States nuclear power generation outages in the summer ...In Minnesota, some farmers who had planned to spend Friday night sowing seeds were hamstrung by the outages. “I’ve never dealt with anything like this,” said Patrick …Spring 2011 nuclear outages were unusually high due to the confluence of the refueling season and several forced outages, including outages due to weather events (such as tornadoes or flooding). Outages in recent months have largely trended within the 2007-2010 range. Notable units in extended outage include:Nuclear outages begin to increase with the start of the fall refueling season. September 6, 2013 Vermont Yankee nuclear plant closure in 2014 will challenge New England energy markets. August 28, 2013 The U.S. relies on foreign uranium, enrichment services to fuel its nuclear power plants. Power Portfolio Nuclear. Remote. $99,000 - $140,000 a year. Knowledge of nuclear plant systems and analyses techniques, commercial plant outages, and nuclear industry practices. Posted. Today ·. More... View all Power Portfolio Nuclear jobs in Remote - Remote jobs - Systems Engineer Remote Access jobs in Remote. Power Portfolio Nuclear. Remote. $99,000 - $140,000 a year. Knowledge of nuclear plant systems and analyses techniques, commercial plant outages, and nuclear industry practices. Posted. Today ·. More... View all Power Portfolio Nuclear jobs in Remote - Remote jobs - Systems Engineer Remote Access jobs in Remote. The page includes two maps showing the capacity and outage status of U.S. nuclear plants. Nuclear power reactors are typically refueled every 18 to 24 months. Although the refueling process can be completed in as few as 10 days, outage periods are typically longer because of noncritical maintenance that is completed concurrently with refueling ... Our dedication to employee satisfaction has earned us the prestigious Top Workplaces Culture Excellence Award for compensation and benefits in 2022, 2023, and 2024. 265 Nuclear Outages jobs available on Indeed.com. Apply to Training Instructor, Senior Controls Engineer, Nuclear Engineer and more! Arkansas Nuclear 1: 100 : Arkansas Nuclear 2: 100 : Callaway: 100 : Columbia Generating Station: 100 : Comanche Peak 1: 98 : COASTDOWN TO REFUELING OUTAGE * Comanche Peak 2: 100 : Cooper: 100 : EXPECT TO EXIT UNUSUAL EVENT ON THURSDAY. LEVEL NOW 897.0' AND LOWERING. * Diablo Canyon 1: 95 : …In the electric utility industry, “outage” can be an unwelcome word. However, for nuclear plants, scheduled refueling outages mean greater efficiency and reliability. In the spring and fall, when energy demand is lower, our nuclear plants temporarily shut down for refueling and maintenance. Most nuclear plants power down every 18 to 24 ...The figure above is featured in our NRC Nuclear Plant Summary report and features a nuclear outage forecast line for the rest of 2024. As a reminder, the only outages included in that line are upcoming refueling cycles when the plant will be 100% offline and estimates for unplanned outages for plants that are currently 100% offline or partially ...The servers that run a number of major websites crashed Thursday morning. Affected websites included Delta, Airbnb, Vrbo, Expedia (including sister sites like Orbitz and Hotels.com...NukeWorker.com: Nuclear Jobs, Nuclear Resumes, Nuclear Outage Schedule, OSHA Training, NUF Study Guide, NUF Practice Test, Nuclear News, Nuclear Pictures, Nuclear Facility Information. Follow NukeWorker on Facebook and find Nuke Jobs in your feed. NukeWorker Menu. Employers - Employer Login - Help & FAQ - PricesStatus of U.S. Nuclear Outages. Download. Data on this page are subject to third-party quality guidelines and availability. Weekend and holiday data are typically available on the following weekday. More information can be found in the Nuclear Regulatory …Nuclear Outages; Contact; Job Board; Post a Job; Login; Catawba Outage Information, Unit 2. Contact Information. 4800 Concord Rd York, SC 29745. Upcoming Outage. Start Date: March 16, 2024: Duration: 25 days: Do you have lodging (housing, motel, etc) that would be perfect for Outage workers?Along with replacing about one-third of the fuel in each reactor, workers completed other major projects during the nuclear outages this spring, including: In Illinois, workers at Quad Cities Unit 2 performed an overhaul and inspection of the turbine on one of the redundant core cooling systems; a full technical inspection of the Byron Station ...Senior Field Services Engineer, PWR (Remote Eligible, U.S) Power Portfolio Nuclear. Remote. $104,000 - $130,000 a year. 12 hour shift. Knowledge of nuclear power plant refueling activities. Prior project management and/or project coordinator experience in nuclear outages is highly desired. Posted 4 days ago ·.How much do nuclear outage jobs pay per hour in arkansas? $15.90 - $20.27. 0% of jobs. $20.27 - $24.65. 3% of jobs. $24.65 - $29.02. 9% of jobs. $32.40 is the 25th percentile. Wages below this are outliers. Outages significantly increased in the latter half of July, peaking in late July at 6.5 GW and peaking again in August at 6.2 GW. Nuclear outages are usually lowest in the United States during summer and winter because electricity demand is high during these seasons and plant operators need to meet the increased cooling and heating demand. Mar 9, 2022 · Scheduled refueling outages result in greater efficiency and reliability when electricity is needed the most: hot summers and cold winters. That’s why outages occur during spring and fall, when energy demand is lowest. Typical refueling outage duration for U.S. nuclear plants is 25 days, among the shortest average in recent decades. Nuclear Industry and other assorted useful info. Nuclear Plant Outages. Current Plant Status. The 10 most recent jobs posted on the Nuclear Job Board: [$$$] [Welder] Welders Needed in Jenkinsville, SC for Fall Outage Work! - Day & Zimmermann May 13, 2024 at 06:19:48. [$$$] [Pipefitter] Pipefitters Needed in Jenkingsville, SC for Fall Outage Work!French nuclear production is expected to reach its lowest production level since 1991 this year. This is mainly because of extended technical inspections and a large number of outages, but reduced production during the heat waves this summer has also played a part. By the end of August, we see that 25 out of 56 French nuclear plants are out of …ATHENS, Ala. – The Tennessee Valley Authority’s Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant Unit 2 resumed the safe and reliable generation of carbon-free electricity at 10:14 p.m. CDT on April 22, following the completion of a scheduled maintenance and refueling outage. This outage included the largest scope of turbine deck work since original …

The outages would not last more than two hours, between 8 a.m. and 1 p.m., or 6-8 p.m. While emergency sites would continue to receive power, plenty of other places won’t.. Aldi sioux falls

nuclear outages

France’s nuclear plants form a backbone of Europe’s integrated power system, and an outbreak of safety-related incidents and repair delays over the past year could not have …The unit was heating up after a maintenance outage. The leak was discovered during mode 3 walkdown. Power Reactor. Event Number: 56894. Facility: Grand Gulf Region: 4 ... Grand Gulf Nuclear Station was operating in mode 1 at 81 percent power when an automatic scram occurred due to a turbine trip signal. Before the scram the unit …Jul 14, 2022 · Over the past five years, nuclear plants have scheduled refuelling and maintenance outages amid low demand during spring and autumn to ensure electricity provision in winter. PRIS outage data confirm that nuclear power’s energy availability factor (EAF) in Western and Eastern Europe has been consistently high, between 83% and 90%, since 2017. Nuclear outages begin to increase with the start of the fall refueling season. March 28, 2013 Solar activity can affect transmission grid, but 2013 activity less than anticipated. March 15, 2013 Japan’s fossil-fueled generation remains high because of continuing nuclear plant outages.There are 93 commercial nuclear reactors operating in the United States at 55 locations in 28 states. The majority of nuclear reactors are in the eastern portion of the U.S. Currently, 25 reactors ...In 2020, some reactors at 56 of the nation’s 58 nuclear sites in 21 states—including several that have issued lockdown measures—planned to undergo refueling outages. At least 31 of the 58 ...In February 2021, the state of Texas suffered a major power crisis, which came about during three severe winter storms sweeping across the United States on February 10–11, 13–17, and 15–20.The storms triggered the worst energy infrastructure failure in Texas state history, leading to shortages of water, food, and heat. More than 4.5 million homes and …February 15, 2022. [Note that this article is a transcript of the video embedded above.] On August 14, 2003, a cascading failure of the power grid plunged more than 50 million people into darkness in the northeast US and Canada. It was the most significant power outage ever in North America, with an economic impact north of ten billion dollars.Southwest Airlines grounded its entire operation on Tuesday morning, citing unspecified IT issues. The airline did not give a time frame for a fix. Southwest Airlines briefly halte...It stems from unplanned outages from 2020 to 2022 at FPL’s Turkey Point and St. Lucie nuclear plants. In addition to providing a $5 million credit, Public Counsel Walt Trierweiler said the settlement will benefit customers because of improvements to the performance of nuclear plants. “The outcome is a win-win for the customers and the ...During the refueling outages, workers replaced or refurbished dozens of pumps and motors, performed quality assurance inspections on reactor and fuel components, and completed tens of thousands of other technical tasks to ensure the power plants provide uninterrupted carbon-free electricity for up to 24 straight months.Day & Zimmermann - Home. Below is a list of upcoming outage work for D&Z at nuclear and fossil power plants. For more information about a particular site, click on the site name. *Outage dates are approximate and subject to change. Nuclear Outage Schedule.Entergy's Indian Point Unit 3 nuclear power plant began its 20th and final refueling and maintenance outage when control room operators removed the reactor ...Note: Nuclear capacity in outage is estimated based on monthly generation data collected by EIA and daily availability data from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Outages at U.S. nuclear power ...I have 2 furnished bedrooms each with their own private bathroom for rent in Solomons, Maryland. 10 minute drive to CCNPP Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. $1800/month for larger room, $1700 ...However, outages lasted only eight hours on Wednesday. The cause of the outages is a shortage of diesel fuel for power stations, the spokesman for Aden’s electricity …Planned outages are a major contributor to nuclear power plant (NPP) non-availability, risk and cost. Effective management of planned outages is a key factor for improvement of NPP safety, availability and competitiveness. To support outage management, an outage monitoring system is implemented that follows all the fundamental and critical ... Nuclear Plant Pages Click PLANT NAMES BELOW to view directions to the plant, latest news, and resources around the plant like hotels, restaurants, banks, etc. Nuclear Outage Dates The lengthy outage is because the reactor needs extra heavy checks and upgrades for EDF to get permission to extend its life from 40 to 50 years, it said. Maintenance is Weighing on French Power ...Capacity outages at U.S. nuclear power plants averaged 3.1 gigawatts this summer tags: capacity electricity generation outages power plants Nonfossil fuel sources accounted for 21% of U.S. energy consumption in 2020Millions of Americans have burst pipes. Here's how insurance covers frozen pipes, and how to recoup your losses. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions....

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