Jamaican language to english - 360,000,000. Native to: Jamaica, Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia (San Andrés y Providencia). 3,200,000. In the English - Jamaican Creole English dictionary you will find phrases with translations, examples, pronunciation and pictures. Translation is fast and saves you time.

 
The Anglophone Caribbean (the 19 territories where English is an official language) is home to around six million people, most of whom speak a variety of Creole as a first language and acquire Standard British English in the formal education system. Standard British English in the Caribbean is mainly used in writing and formal contexts, while .... Ascentis

There is a heated debate amongst Jamaicans on whether “patois” (patwah) is a language or an English “dialect”. If you don’t know Jamaican patois (patwah) it definitely sounds like another language. Below is a list of 20 …We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah.The History of Jamaica. The Spanish were the first to bring sugarcane and slavery to the island. They ruled the land for a century and a half until they were defeated by the English in 1655. Slavery and sugar cultivation became Jamaica’s main trade, making the English planters incredibly wealthy. Buccaneers soon operated out of Jamaica ...This book offers a description and assessment of the Jamaican language situation. ... (Patois) in the society and attitudes to these varieties, the origins, development and present state of English in Jamaica, the role of language in education and various proposals for taking Creole into account in classroom teaching.One of the most significant contributions to the Jamaican language was the English language. It became the official language of Jamaica under British rule and was spoken by the elite and educated classes. However, its influence on Jamaican Creole was limited, and the language developed its distinct phonology, grammar, and vocabulary. ...Definition One of the most popular swear words in Jamaica. Bumbo means bottom, claat is the Jamaican pronunciation of cloth. "Bumboclaat" literally refers to either menstrual pads or toilet paper. it is mostly used as an exclamation of shock, surprise, anger, frustration or for any other intense emotions. Bumboclaat is actually a very vulgar ...The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures states that “during the second half of the seventeenth century, the European population was made up of soldiers, merchants, and colonists from the eastern Caribbean, Ireland, England, and Scotland,” (Farquharson); hence, prior to being imported to Jamaica during Britain’s occupation of ...0. English is the Official Language of Jamaica. All sorts of formal compositions in Jamaica are done in English. The system of formal education also uses English as the standard language. Jamaican English is however quite different from Jamaican Creole also considered by the Jamaicans as a kind of English. The …Elections 2024. Part 2. Coverage and analysis of the UK local and mayoral elections on 2 May 2024. Programme website. Browse the TV Guide for programmes from the BBC.With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...This short video will not only teach some Jamaican phrases but also teach the basic rules and principles of Patois. Though it is tailored to Americans trying...Jamaicanize is a free Jamaican Patois translator to translate English to Jamaican Patwah. Learn Jamaican patois words and phrases with a simple Jamaican language translator.Like many other Caribbean countries, Jamaica’s English-based Creole language developed as a result of the island’s colonial history. Jamaica was colonised first by the Spanish, starting from the …Jamaica’s official language is English, but we also speak Jamaican or Patois (or Patwa) - a colorful, descriptive and emphatic creole dialect that has been shaped by our African, …The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures states that “during the second half of the seventeenth century, the European population was made up of soldiers, merchants, and colonists from the eastern Caribbean, Ireland, England, and Scotland,” (Farquharson); hence, prior to being imported to Jamaica during Britain’s occupation of ...July 12, 2019. English is the official language of Jamaica, but that’s an insufficient response to accurately do justice to the island’s linguistic profile. So what language do Jamaicans …00:00. Mek mi tell unuh bout mi likkel bwoy; im luv kaan. Let me tell you about my little boy; he loves corn. //mek mi tel ʹʊnuː bɑʊt mi ʹlɪkəl bwaɪ/ɪm lʊv kaːn//. The pronoun unuh is second person plural. As you know, in Standard English we do not have a seperate form for the second person singular and plural, we just have you. Jamaican (Jimiekn / Patwah) Jamaican is an English-based Creole with influences from languages of West and Central Africa. It developed during the 17th century and includes significant influences from various dialects of English, especially those of Scotland and Ireland. Over 4 million people speak Jamaican, most of whom live in Jamaica. Like British English, Jamaican Standard English is a non-rhotic language 2 and according to Lawton (1984:255) there is no significant difference in comparison to Received Pronunciation 3. Moreover both languages have the same realization of vowels and consonants (Lawton 1984:255). Despite that, the prosody of both languages differ.00:00. Mek mi tell unuh bout mi likkel bwoy; im luv kaan. Let me tell you about my little boy; he loves corn. //mek mi tel ʹʊnuː bɑʊt mi ʹlɪkəl bwaɪ/ɪm lʊv kaːn//. The pronoun unuh is second person plural. As you know, in Standard English we do not have a seperate form for the second person singular and plural, we just have you.Jamaican Patois, often simply called Patois, is an English-based creole language with West African influences, reflecting the diverse history of the island. It originated during the 17th century when enslaved Africans were forced to adapt to the English-speaking environment, blending their native tongues with the English they …Beginner Patwah is a self-study course divided into loosely themed units consisting of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation lessons; cultural tips; and assorted listening …There is a heated debate amongst Jamaicans on whether “patois” (patwah) is a language or an English “dialect”. If you don’t know Jamaican patois (patwah) it definitely sounds like another language. Below is a list of 20 …Though English is the official language of Jamaica, the majority of Jamaicans speak Jamaican Patois (Otherwise known as Jamaican Patwah/Patwa), an English-based creole language with West … To receive a $10, $25 or $50 DISCOUNT, follow the instructions on. Select source language. Submit files (optional; up to 1 GB ea.) Upload a file. Jamaican Translation services company offering high quality professional Jamaican translation at excellent prices. Jamaican translation to or from English. The official language of Jamaica is English, spoken in proper fashion with a Jamaican accent. But the language of everyday is patois (Pat-wa). This musical dialect is a combination of English, Spanish, Portuguese, …Browse Dictionary by Categories. Jamaican Expressions (484) Curse Words (55) Insult Words (107) Greetings (48) Dirty (225) Rastafarian (117) Love (10) Dancehall (109)On the contrary, Jamaican Standard English is the official language of Jamaica; nevertheless Standard Jamaican English is not spoken as widely as Jamaican …Languages Spoken In Jamaica The many languages that can be heard throughout both rural and urban Jamaica are a reflection of the country’s vast ethnic and cultural diversity. English is the official language of Jamaica and is used for all official purposes, including being the language of government, education and media.One of the most significant contributions to the Jamaican language was the English language. It became the official language of Jamaica under British rule and was spoken by the elite and educated classes. However, its influence on Jamaican Creole was limited, and the language developed its distinct phonology, grammar, and vocabulary. ...Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Like British English, Jamaican Standard English is a non-rhotic language 2 and according to Lawton (1984:255) there is no significant difference in comparison to Received Pronunciation 3. Moreover both languages have the same realization of vowels and consonants (Lawton 1984:255). Despite that, the prosody of both languages differ. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Though English is the official language of Jamaica, the majority of Jamaicans speak Jamaican Patois (Otherwise known as Jamaican Patwah/Patwa), an English-based creole language with West …However, greeting a Jamaican in Jamaican Patois will usually make your conversation a lot smoother. “ Wah gwaan „. English Translation: What’s going on or What’s up. Definition Pronounced as “waa gwaan”, the literal translation is “what’s going on” but when used as a greeting, it can also mean “What’s up”. Different ...Jamaican Patwah Translator is a free app that contains patois words, definitions, translations and examples. - Works offline. - Fast access and immediate translation. - Translate English to...English plays a significant role in the development of Jamaican Patois, as it is an English-based Creole language. It’s interesting to note that Patois has evolved over time, becoming increasingly distinct from English while still being influenced by languages like Spanish, Portuguese, and French .English Translation: Thank You. Definition This is a common way of saying thank you in Jamaica. It is often said with a strong accent and a lot of emphasis on the "yuh" part. "Tanks" is another common way Jamaicans say thank you. It carries a casual and laid-back tone and is often used in informal settings among friends and family.Aug 16, 2023 · Definition One of the most popular swear words in Jamaica. Bumbo means bottom, claat is the Jamaican pronunciation of cloth. "Bumboclaat" literally refers to either menstrual pads or toilet paper. it is mostly used as an exclamation of shock, surprise, anger, frustration or for any other intense emotions. Bumboclaat is actually a very vulgar ... Jan 22, 2024 · Jamaican Patois, often simply called Patois, is an English-based creole language with West African influences, reflecting the diverse history of the island. It originated during the 17th century when enslaved Africans were forced to adapt to the English-speaking environment, blending their native tongues with the English they encountered. We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah.Visit our book store to learn more about the Jamaican language and culture. We offer a variety of resources: Language Guides. Puzzles. Journal Notebooks. SHOP NOW. …Definition One of the most popular swear words in Jamaica. Bumbo means bottom, claat is the Jamaican pronunciation of cloth. "Bumboclaat" literally refers to either menstrual pads or toilet paper. it is mostly used as an exclamation of shock, surprise, anger, frustration or for any other intense emotions. Bumboclaat is actually a very vulgar ...Browse Dictionary by Categories. Jamaican Expressions (484) Curse Words (55) Insult Words (107) Greetings (48) Dirty (225) Rastafarian (117) Love (10) Dancehall (109)Topics specifically discussed include the functions of English and Creole (Patois) in the society and attitudes to these varieties, the origins, development and present state of English in Jamaica, the role of language in education and various proposals for taking Creole into account in classroom teaching.The lexicon of Jamaican Creole does not only include words from English but also from other languages; some of these words that were adopted from other languages include the word ‘maroon’ from Spanish, ‘pikni’ from Portuguese, and ‘unu’ (which is the plural of the word ‘you’) from Igbo.” ... “English in the Caribbean.” ...Biesik Jumiekan: Introduction to Jamaican Language This book, written by Larry Chang, is a Jamaican language primer for native speakers and beginners. Understanding Jamaican Patois: An Introduction to Afro-Jamaican Grammar. This book is written by Emilie L Adams and is a guide that provides an overview of the English …But the point I wish to make here is that Jamaican is quite distinct from English, is rule-governed (has a grammar of its own); has its own ‘standard’, has a community of native speakers, is capable of expressing in writing any concept that can be expressed in English or any other language; and certainly can be expressed orthographically in ...Just chilling. Kicking it back. Mi Nice / Mi Criss / Mi Gud. I’m doing ok, I’m good, I’m great, I’m fine. Mi Naw Deal Wid Nutten / Nutten Naw Gwaan. Having a bad day. Not doing too well. This response is more of a downer, which is used when a person is stressed, in a bad mood or just not doing too well at the moment.No matter what language you’re studying, it’s always important to memorize pronouns. Thankfully, the Jamaican Patois phrases associated with pronouns and possession shouldn’t be all too hard to learn if you’re a native English speaker. Below are the basic pronouns with the English listed first and the Jamaican Patois second. I : miJamaican Patois, also known locally as 'patwa' or 'patwah,' is an English-based creole language unique to the island of Jamaica. It's not just how we speak, it's how we feel, how we laugh, how we grieve. It's not just words, it's history, it's rhythm, it's home. See, Jamaican Patois is more than an accent; it's a mix of English, African tongues ...Because it's based on English. Africans kidnapped and taken to be slaves in plantations owned by British all across the Caribbean etc. Developed their own patois language. Because it is English - not just "based on". It's the accent that …The lexicon of Jamaican Creole does not only include words from English but also from other languages; some of these words that were adopted from other languages include the word ‘maroon’ from Spanish, ‘pikni’ from Portuguese, and ‘unu’ (which is the plural of the word ‘you’) from Igbo.” ... “English in the Caribbean.” ...Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican …Jamaican Patois (/ ˈ p æ t w ɑː /; locally rendered Patwah and called Jamaican Creole by linguists) is an English-based creole language with West African, Taíno, Irish, Spanish, …We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah.The History of Jamaica. The Spanish were the first to bring sugarcane and slavery to the island. They ruled the land for a century and a half until they were defeated by the English in 1655. Slavery and sugar cultivation became Jamaica’s main trade, making the English planters incredibly wealthy. Buccaneers soon operated out of Jamaica ...Jamaican Patois, also known locally as 'patwa' or 'patwah,' is an English-based creole language unique to the island of Jamaica. It's not just how we speak, it's how we feel, how we laugh, how we grieve. It's not just words, it's history, it's rhythm, it's home. See, Jamaican Patois is more than an accent; it's a mix of English, African tongues ...The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures states that “during the second half of the seventeenth century, the European population was made up of soldiers, merchants, and colonists from the eastern Caribbean, Ireland, England, and Scotland,” (Farquharson); hence, prior to being imported to Jamaica during Britain’s occupation of ...It can be used in most situations. Hi/hey – Yow. Yow is a super informal Jamaican greeting that you’ll hear all the time in Jamaica. It can also be used to get someone’s attention. This phrase is often extended to ‘ yow mi boss ’ or ‘yow mi general ’. These are mostly used by young people, mainly young men.Jamaican Patois, also known locally as 'patwa' or 'patwah,' is an English-based creole language unique to the island of Jamaica. It's not just how we speak, it's how we feel, how we laugh, how we grieve. It's not just words, it's history, it's rhythm, it's home. See, Jamaican Patois is more than an accent; it's a mix of English, African tongues ...Like British English, Jamaican Standard English is a non-rhotic language 2 and according to Lawton (1984:255) there is no significant difference in comparison to Received Pronunciation 3. Moreover both languages have the same realization of vowels and consonants (Lawton 1984:255). Despite that, the prosody of both languages differ.The History of Jamaica. The Spanish were the first to bring sugarcane and slavery to the island. They ruled the land for a century and a half until they were defeated by the English in 1655. Slavery and sugar cultivation became Jamaica’s main trade, making the English planters incredibly wealthy. Buccaneers soon operated out of Jamaica ... Jamaican English, including Jamaican Standard English, is a variety of English native to Jamaica and is the official language of the country. [1] A distinction exists between Jamaican English and Jamaican Patois (a creole language ), though not entirely a sharp distinction so much as a gradual continuum between two extremes. [2] Jamaican English, that is, Jamaican Standard English is a variety of English spoken in Jamaica. It resembles parts of both British English and American English dialects, along with many aspects of Irish intonation, but typically, it uses the same spellings as found in British English. ... English became the language of prestige and power on the ...Jamaican Creole is one of the major Atlantic English-lexifier creoles spoken in the Caribbean. In Jamaica, this creole is popularly labelled as ‘Patwa’ (Devonish & Harry 2004: 441). There is a widely-held view in Jamaica that a post-creole continuum exists. The continuum is between Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole (Meade 2001: 19).Jamaican Patois, known locally as Patois (Patwa or Patwah) and called Jamaican Creole by linguists, is an English-based creole language with West African influences. A majority of non-English loan words are of Akan Ashanti origin. Spoken primarily in Jamaica and among the Jamaican diaspora; it is spoken by the majority of Jamaicans as a native ... Jamaican Translator, allows you currently to translate from standard English to Jamaican Patois. Learn more about our language by doing quizzes about interesting topics. Translate and send your translations with your favorite Instant Messaging app to friends, families or even Jamaican natives. Learn more about patois by doing quizzes. To receive a $10, $25 or $50 DISCOUNT, follow the instructions on. Select source language. Submit files (optional; up to 1 GB ea.) Upload a file. Jamaican Translation services company offering high quality professional Jamaican translation at excellent prices. Jamaican translation to or from English. Dec 10, 2008 · Jamaican Creole: Morphology and syntax. December 2008. DOI: 10.1515/9783110208405.2.609. In book: The Americas and the Caribbean (pp.609-644) Authors: Peter Patrick. University of Essex. Below is a list of 20 Essential Jamaican Patois phrases translated to English. Feel free to download and share the above poster with “20 Essential Jamaican Patois Phrases Translated to English”. Don’t bother me – Nuh Badda Mi. It is mine – A Fi Mi. Good Looking Girl – Criss Ting. Just a little – Jus a toops. Con Artist – Ginnal.With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...It can be used in most situations. Hi/hey – Yow. Yow is a super informal Jamaican greeting that you’ll hear all the time in Jamaica. It can also be used to get someone’s attention. This phrase is often extended to ‘ yow mi boss ’ or ‘yow mi general ’. These are mostly used by young people, mainly young men. To receive a $10, $25 or $50 DISCOUNT, follow the instructions on. Select source language. Submit files (optional; up to 1 GB ea.) Upload a file. Jamaican Translation services company offering high quality professional Jamaican translation at excellent prices. Jamaican translation to or from English. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator, translate english to jamaican patois/patwa, learn jamaican patois the easy way. What is patois? Translator; About Us ... Patois/Patwa is the native spoken creole language in Jamaica. This is an english based creole langauge or some may even call it a slang.It can be used in most situations. Hi/hey – Yow. Yow is a super informal Jamaican greeting that you’ll hear all the time in Jamaica. It can also be used to get someone’s attention. This phrase is often extended to ‘ yow mi boss ’ or ‘yow mi general ’. These are mostly used by young people, mainly young men.Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Aug 16, 2023 · Definition One of the most popular swear words in Jamaica. Bumbo means bottom, claat is the Jamaican pronunciation of cloth. "Bumboclaat" literally refers to either menstrual pads or toilet paper. it is mostly used as an exclamation of shock, surprise, anger, frustration or for any other intense emotions. Bumboclaat is actually a very vulgar ... Jamaicans navigate between Patois and Standard English in different contexts. The Jamaican language plays a significant role in everyday life, music, arts, and literature. …Tech giants Google, Microsoft and Facebook are all applying the lessons of machine learning to translation, but a small company called DeepL has outdone them all and raised the bar for the field. Its translation tool is just as quick as the outsized competition, but more accurate and nuanced than any we’ve tried. TechCrunch.Aug 16, 2023 · Definition One of the most popular swear words in Jamaica. Bumbo means bottom, claat is the Jamaican pronunciation of cloth. "Bumboclaat" literally refers to either menstrual pads or toilet paper. it is mostly used as an exclamation of shock, surprise, anger, frustration or for any other intense emotions. Bumboclaat is actually a very vulgar ... Apr 25, 2017 · English is the official language in Jamaica and the language mostly used in formal contexts. The English spoken in Jamaica has been influenced mainly by British English. Having been colonized by the British, the British grammar and spelling is the English standard in the country. Exposure to American English also influenced the Jamaican English. The primary language spoken in Jamaica is English, but the version of English spoken there is distinct and unique compared to other English-speaking countries. One of the most significant influences on the Jamaican language is the legacy of colonialism. Jamaica was a British colony for over 300 years, and the English spoken in Jamaica today ... Jamaican English, including Jamaican Standard English, is a variety of English native to Jamaica and is the official language of the country. [1] A distinction exists between Jamaican English and Jamaican Patois (a creole language ), though not entirely a sharp distinction so much as a gradual continuum between two extremes. [2] Learn Jamaican Language & Culture. ... Translate English phrases to Jamaican Patois with our free Patwah Translator Translate. Latest Articles. Jamaican Patois 101 ... The Anglophone Caribbean (the 19 territories where English is an official language) is home to around six million people, most of whom speak a variety of Creole as a first language and acquire Standard British English in the formal education system. Standard British English in the Caribbean is mainly used in writing and formal contexts, while ...In the ongoing discourse on language in Jamaica, Jamaican Creole has generally been viewed as a problem. It is normally the first excuse offered for why many Jamaican children do poorly in English ...A 1781 text from the Cornwall Chronicle was discovered somewhere around 1997 by Maureen Warner Lewis in the course of her research. It is a big discovery for linguists studying Caribbean Creole languages. It is the oldest known text of Jamaican. In addition, it is the oldest text of a Caribbean English Creole outside of Suriname.Jamaican Creole is one of the major Atlantic English-lexifier creoles spoken in the Caribbean. In Jamaica, this creole is popularly labelled as ‘Patwa’ (Devonish & Harry 2004: 441). There is a widely-held view in Jamaica that a post-creole continuum exists. The continuum is between Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole (Meade 2001: 19).

Languages Spoken In Jamaica The many languages that can be heard throughout both rural and urban Jamaica are a reflection of the country’s vast ethnic and cultural diversity. English is the official language of Jamaica and is used for all official purposes, including being the language of government, education and media.. Vegas to los angeles

jamaican language to english

This book offers a description and assessment of the Jamaican language situation. ... (Patois) in the society and attitudes to these varieties, the origins, development and present state of English in Jamaica, the role of language in education and various proposals for taking Creole into account in classroom teaching.Linguistics in the Caribbean. Empowerment thr ough creole language a wareness. Silvia Kouwenberg, W innie Anderson-Br own, T erri-Ann. Barrett, Shyrel-A nn Dean, T amirand De Lisser, Hav enol ...293-294) Standard Jamaican English is the official language of Jamaica and used in all domains of public life. It is not only the language of the government, the law and the media but also used for education and for almost all kinds of written communication (Sand, 1999, p. 70). Standard English has been present in Jamaica for a long time.0. English is the Official Language of Jamaica. All sorts of formal compositions in Jamaica are done in English. The system of formal education also uses English as the standard language. Jamaican English is however quite different from Jamaican Creole also considered by the Jamaicans as a kind of English. The …Jamaican literature and music found an international audience, introducing Patwa to the world. As Jamaicans left the island and settled in different countries, so did Patwa. “As Jamaicans migrated to seek work in Panama, Honduras and Cuba, and later to London, Brooklyn and Toronto, they took their language with them” (Chang, 2021).Browse Dictionary by Categories. Jamaican Expressions (484) Curse Words (55) Insult Words (107) Greetings (48) Dirty (225) Rastafarian (117) Love (10) Dancehall (109)The language has benefitted from the work of outstanding linguists such as Beryl Loftman Bailey whose book Jamaican Creole Syntax (1966) was the first technical grammar of the language, and Frederic G. Cassidy and Robert B. Le Page’s Dictionary of Jamaican English (DJE), which was the first scholarly dictionary prepared.Jamaican literature and music found an international audience, introducing Patwa to the world. As Jamaicans left the island and settled in different countries, so did Patwa. “As Jamaicans migrated to seek work in Panama, Honduras and Cuba, and later to London, Brooklyn and Toronto, they took their language with them” (Chang, 2021).Useful phrases in Jamaican. A collection of useful phrases in Jamaican, an English-based creole with influences from languages of West and Central Africa spoken mainly in Jamaica. Note: there is no standard way of spelling Jamaican, and there are different ways of writing many words. Jump to phrasesDescription. In this course, we will be discussing the origins of Patois and how the language is formulated to make it so unique and exciting. We will be discussing ways in which Patois is different from the English language. This course will also be giving a test at the end of each section to test how well the student is learning and applying ...With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...However, greeting a Jamaican in Jamaican Patois will usually make your conversation a lot smoother. “ Wah gwaan „. English Translation: What’s going on or What’s up. Definition Pronounced as “waa gwaan”, the literal translation is “what’s going on” but when used as a greeting, it can also mean “What’s up”. Different ...Over time, Jamaican Patois evolved and became increasingly distinct from the English language. The language was influenced by various other languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, and French. This was partly due to Jamaica's position as a center of international trade and commerce, and the language was influenced by the ….

Popular Topics