Difference between a raven and a crow - I once asked an ornithologist whether we had crows or ravens in Sydney and it took him a while before he could come up with an answer. So don’t feel bad if you find this stuff confusing. But now you know all this stuff, I really don’t think people will get too upset if you call a raven a crow. Up here for thinking

 
Ravens & Crows in Mythology. In Celtic mythology, the warrior goddess known as the Morrighan often appears in the form of a crow or raven or is seen accompanied by a group of them. Typically, these birds appear in groups of three, and they are seen as a sign that the Morrighan is watching—or possibly getting ready to pay …. Random qr code

A raven is about 25 inches long, about the size of a red-tailed hawk. Tail Shape: If you can see the bird in flight, check the shape of its tail. You can distinguish between the two larger birds, crow and raven, this way. The crow has a flat fan-shaped tail in flight, while the raven’s tail will come to a point and appear wedge-shaped.By far the easiest way to tell a crow from a raven is by the sound they make. Crows caw and ravens have more of a croaking sound. But that's a great ...Crow vs Raven Intelligence. You can learn here how they differ from each other. If you want to find out which is the smarter bird, read on ... to answer because they are both birds. Ravens are smaller than crows and can be found in colder, arid environments. One difference between the two is that ravens have a much stronger beak and a more ...Aug 13, 2023 ... What Is the Difference Between a Raven and a Crow. theravendiaries ... Ravens Vs Crows 15 Key Differences Between These Black Birds. On The ...Sep 3, 2021 · Ravens grow at a length of 22.1 to 27.2 inches, weigh around 24.3 to 57.3 ounces, and have a wingspan of 45.7 to 46.5 inches. Crows, on the other hand, grow at a length of 15.8 to 20.9 inches, weigh around 11.2 to 21.9 ounces, and have a wingspan of 33.5 to 39.4 inches. Now, of course, you can’t get close to a bird and measure them exactly to ... Jun 14, 2019 · How do you tell the difference between a raven and a crow? Assistant Curator of Birds, Chase Mendenhall, shares the primary differences between these two bir... One principal difference between a raven and a crow is that one is larger than the other. The length of a Common Raven is usually 24 inches. An American Crow is around seven to eight inches smaller with a total length of roughly 17 inches. Because of their different sizes, a raven naturally weighs heavier than a crow.Need to smooth joint compound? There's a neater alternative to sandpaper. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All Radio Show Latest View ...Raven. Crow. Wingspan. The wingspan of a raven ranges anywhere between 46 to 54 inches. The wingspan of a crow can range anywhere between 32 to 40 inches. Size. Ravens are larger than crows measuring around 25 inches from beak to tail. Crows tend to be considerably smaller measuring around 19 inches from beak to tail. Lifespan.Proportionately speaking, ravens sport notably longer primaries – the finger-like outer flight feathers – and tailfeathers than crows; a raven’s tail appears wedge-shaped compared to the blunter rear end of a crow. Ravens also have heavy, shaggy-looking throat feathers, or hackles, which crows lack.The difference between a raven and a crow, it’s pretty minimal. They’re very hard to tell apart. To be honest, really, it’s just the color of the down at the base of the feathers. It’s white in a crow and brown in a raven. So unless you actually catch one and blow on it, you’re not really going to know the difference.A black crow flies over - but is it a Crow, a Rook or even a Raven? Let this video help you to separate these confusing species, along with their smaller cousins: Jackdaw and Chough. BTO bird identification videos are supported by NatureguidesDo you know the difference between a raven and a crow? Don't miss all-new episodes of Wild Kratts, streaming free on PBS KIDS! | Wild Kratts, crowSome animals that eat peanuts include squirrels, pigs, field mice and rats, although rats are sensitive to the fungi that grows on peanuts. A variety of birds eat peanuts as well, ...Ravens and writing desks are both highly intelligent, found in a wide range of habitats, will eat almost anything and like playing tricks on humans. Stephen Saunders, Canberra, Australia. Because ...Eye color: Another way to determine the difference between a crow and a grackle is to look at their eyes. Crows are fully black, from their plumage to their eyes, with the exception of their younger ones, that have blue eyes. In contrast, the eyes of most grackle species are yellow or pale gold in hue.A guide to Britain’s crows and corvids Raven (Corvus corax). 25in tall; status: green; population: 7,400 breeding pairs. Intelligent, inquisitive and playful, this impressive black bird — with a Herculean wingspan of nearly 5ft — is the largest of the crow family by far, as well as our biggest passerine.Hooded crow or jackdaw, the raven is a bird of major significance; it bears importance in the collective unconscious of various cultures and its symbolism bears importance as well. The raven’s image in mythology, …Mar 13, 2023 · The common raven has a really broad bill and the top section (called the culmen) is very rounded. The American crow also has a broad bill but the culmen is not quite as rounded. The red-winged blackbird has a short, pointed bill, reminiscent of needle-nose or long-nose pliers. You will also notice the nasal bristles on both the two larger birds ... What bird is that? In the leadup to this year’s Aussie Backyard Bird Count, our very own National Public Affairs Manager Sean Dooley is talking us...I'm grateful for those who say that they like to short everything I like because crow is a dish best tasted cold, and are they ever eating a ton of it....TWTR We hear an awful ...Do you know the difference between a raven and a crow? Don't miss all-new episodes of Wild Kratts, streaming free on PBS KIDS! | Wild Kratts, crowWhen comparing adults to adults, you'll notice that ravens are significantly larger than crows. Crows grow to be 16"–21" tall, while ravens reach 21"–26". Crows can be 7–1.4 pounds, while ravens reach 1.5–4.4 pounds. An adult crow's wingspan is from 2 to 3 feet, while a raven's is 3 to 4 feet wide. 2.In flight, American Crows have a short, rounded or squared tail, whereas Common Ravens have a diamond-shaped tail. © bellemare celine / Macaulay LibraryQuebec, ...One of the most straightforward ways to distinguish a crow from a raven is by size. Ravens are larger, about 2 1/2 times the size of crows. The raven has about a 3.5 to 4 feet wingspan and is around 24 …Hooded crow or jackdaw, the raven is a bird of major significance; it bears importance in the collective unconscious of various cultures and its symbolism bears importance as well. The raven’s image in mythology, …Crows are omnivores, which means they eat both plants and animals. Ravens are mostly carnivores, which means they eat mostly meat. Crows will eat a variety of food, including insects, berries, nuts, and small animals. Ravens will also eat a variety of food, but they are more likely to eat larger animals such as rodents and snakes.A raven’s wingspan is much greater than that of a crow (3.5-4 ft / 1-1.2 m and 2.5 ft / 76 cm, respectively) and raven’s wing beats make a distinctive swishing sound while a crow’s are silent.Oct 12, 2022 ... 1142 likes, 49 comments - camfontetattoos on October 12, 2022: "What's the difference between a raven and a crow?Raven vs crow tail? One way to tell the difference between ravens and crows is by looking at their tails. Ravens have wedge-shaped tails, while crows have fan-shaped tails. What does a raven look like? Ravens are larger than crows and have a wingspan of about 4 feet. They have shaggy throat feathers and a distinctive croaking call.Raven Similarities Between Crows, Ravens, and Magpies. Because they are from the same family, these birds do have similarities. It is important to remember that, though they are from the same family, they are different breeds. Mating Style. Each of these birds mates for life. They will fly in flocks of around 200 to meet a bird of the opposite sex.Feb 19, 2024 · Body & Shape. Common Ravens ( Corvus corax) weigh more, have a greater wingspan, and are longer than crows. A ravens bill is also larger; crows have smaller, flat bills and lack a tuft of hair at the top of the bill. Ravens bills are more powerful because they are curved and larger in size. Crow vs. Raven: Up close and personal. Crows are more urban birds, while ravens prefer rural areas. Ravens average two feet in length, have wing spans as large as four feet and tip the scales at two and a half pounds. Crows average one and a half feet in height, have two-and-a-half foot wing spans, and run about 1.25 pounds.Learn the differences between ravens and crows, two species of birds with glossy black feathers and high intelligence. Find out how to tell them apart by size, bill, sociability, …A raven is about 25 inches long, about the size of a red-tailed hawk. Tail Shape: If you can see the bird in flight, check the shape of its tail. You can distinguish between the two larger birds, crow and raven, this way. The crow has a flat fan-shaped tail in flight, while the raven’s tail will come to a point and appear wedge-shaped.By far the easiest way to tell a crow from a raven is by the sound they make. Crows caw and ravens have more of a croaking sound. But that's a great ...Please don’t kill the messenger. It’s my duty as an informative bird guy to tell you that it’s not quite as simple as “crow” or “raven.” There are actually three main crow species in the United States, and they’re a real pain to tell apart. Across the mainland you may find American Crows, Fish Crows, and Northwestern Crows.The raven and the rook and the crow and the other Corvids are the largest passerine birds. Ravens are larger than crows. A fully mature raven can weigh somewhere between 2 to 5 pounds; it is about 26 inches long and has a wingspan of about 50 inches. By comparison, the rook is smaller than a raven.Raven vs Crow Head. You can even spot a difference between a crow and a raven by observing the shape of their heads closely. ravens have rounded heads while the head shape of a crow is somewhat triangular. Raven vs Crow Plumage. There is an oily sheen to the feathers of a raven that makes it appear more colorful than it actually is.Some animals that eat peanuts include squirrels, pigs, field mice and rats, although rats are sensitive to the fungi that grows on peanuts. A variety of birds eat peanuts as well, ...What is the difference between a raven and a crow?? Well, ravens and crows both have large feathers on their wings called 'pinions'. Ravens have 4 pinions on each wing while crows only have 3. So if you think about it, it's just a matter of a pinion. 357.Jul 8, 2022 · Photo by Kasturi Roy / Unsplash. Crows and ravens also differ in their behavior. Crows are more likely to be seen in groups, while ravens are more likely to be seen alone or in pairs. Crows are also more likely to be aggressive than ravens. For example, crows have been known to attack other animals and humans if they feel threatened. Ravens are larger than crows. So they are longer, weigh more and have greater wingspan. When in flight their necks appear longer than that of a crow. The bill of a raven is also larger. Crows tend to fluff their feathers into a mane and when a raven fluffs up its breast it looks ragged. Ravens are less social birds and typically flock in pairs, whereas crows are more outgoing and gregarious, flocking in groups or crowds. Ravens make a low, raspy …The difference between ravens and crows. Today I learned there are very few differences between ravens and crows. But one key difference is they have a different amount of tail feathers, so really, the difference is a matter of a pinion. posted on behalf of my SO. 29.Before I swoop in with all the facts you need to know about the symbolism of these birds, let's briefly talk about the difference between a raven and a crow. The Difference Between Crows vs. Ravens.Aug 18, 2023 ... The raven is a huge crow – by far the largest passerine (perching bird) with a wingspan of up to 1.5m. ... Ravens can be mistaken for carrion ...Crows have blunt wings and ravens have pointy wings. Crows tail is shaped like a fan while the raven's tail is shaped like a diamond. Crows exist in groups and ravens are more solitary birds. Ravens have a shaggier throat while the throat of a crow is slimmer. A crow's coats are less shinner and glossier than ravens.Differences Between a Crow and a Raven Appearance. The difference in size is one trait that sets them apart. The raven is larger than the crow because its wingspan can be as big as 45 inches. The crows have smaller wingspans because they have smaller bodies compared to pigeons. The raven has a thicker beak than the crow.Here are some of the things that crows and ravens symbolize. In a number of cultures, both crows and ravens are associated with bad omen or bad news. However, in some other cultures, they do represent positive and good things, such as a divine message. So, both birds are viewed differently in different parts of the world.Yet each species also has distinctive physical differences. The common raven is larger, at least twice the weight of the crow. Most birders rely on two ...Are you a die-hard Baltimore Ravens fan who never wants to miss a single play? Do you find yourself constantly searching for ways to watch the Ravens game live, no matter where you...The Common Raven is often mistaken for an American Crow in southern Canada and the United States. Both birds are from the same genus (order of passerine birds, corvid family –like jays, magpies and nutcrackers, Corvus genus) and have a similar colouring. But the American Crow is smaller (with a wingspan of about 75 cm) and has a fan-shaped tail …Do you know the difference between a raven and a crow? While it may be difficult to tell them apart at first glance, there are plenty of distinguishing features that can help with identification. Size: Ravens are significantly larger than crows, with the common raven being up to 27 inches long with a 4.5 foot wingspan, compared to the 16-21 inch … This is one of the most common questions we hear at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Download the identification packet so that you will be able to recognize the differences between these look-alike species. The packet includes: Images of Common Raven, Chihuahuan Raven, American Crow, and Fish Crow so that you can compare size and view from flight. Generally, the Raven is also much larger than the Rook in terms of weight, wingspan and length. Both the Raven and Rook belong to the same ‘Crow’ family of birds, but one of the most distinctive features of a Rook is the peaked head and bare, greyish-white face. In addition, the Raven’s tail is wedge-shaped in appearance compared to the ...They generally live between ten to fifteen years when in the wild, but have been known to live twice as long in captivity if they are well cared for. Each of these types of birds is very sociable and has comparable behavior. What is the difference between a raven and a crow? Many believe that a raven and a crow are exactly the same bird.If they're old enough to steal your lunches, they're old enough to prep a few for themselves. Something wonderful happened recently: My teenage son stole some of my food. He is rav...Lastly, listen to the noise they produce. When a crow calls, it sounds like a distinct, high-pitched caw. Ravens on the other hand make a deeper noise that sounds like croaking. If you’re able to get a closer look, you’ll notice that ravens appear to have a shaggy throat compared to a crow’s sleek neckline.Feb 6, 2024 · Size is one of the main differences between blackbirds, crows, and ravens. Most blackbirds are rather similar in size to American Robins and range from 9 to 12.5 inches long. However, the biggest blackbird in North America, the Great-tailed Grackle , can be 18 inches, as long as a crow. Blackbird. Size. A common crow generally comes in a size range of 38-45 cm. Ravens are much larger birds and come in a size range of 60-70 cm. Common blackbirds are relatively smaller birds in the size range of 28-35 cm. Appearance. Usually black, with certain sub-species having a lighter color in their neck region.Feb 6, 2024 · Size is one of the main differences between blackbirds, crows, and ravens. Most blackbirds are rather similar in size to American Robins and range from 9 to 12.5 inches long. However, the biggest blackbird in North America, the Great-tailed Grackle , can be 18 inches, as long as a crow. Ravens are often larger birds and tend to congregate only in pairs, while crows are more commonly seen in large flocks. Another difference between the two is the shape of the tail. While a crow’s tail is fan-shaped, the tail of a raven is more wedge-shaped. Of course, this is easier to spot when the bird is in flight.Aug 25, 2022 · In conclusion, you can tell the difference between a raven and a crow by the regions in which you live. You can see whether it falls under the habitat of a crow or a raven. Moreover, when a bird is perching, you can notice the calls of that bird. If it resembles gronk-gronk, then a raven is croaking, and if it is craw-craw, it’s a crow. Are you a die-hard Baltimore Ravens fan who wants to catch every thrilling moment of their games? Thanks to the advancements in technology, you can now watch Baltimore Raven games ...The first visible difference between a crow and a raven is the size. Ravens are usually bigger in size than the crows. When a raven can be up to 64 cm in height, a crow’s height ranges up to 46 cm. Similarly, the wings, feet, and beak sizes also differ. Being bigger in size, the ravens are very much heavier than the crows.Apr 16, 2020 · Geographic/habitat differences. While both American crows and common ravens have wide distributions across North America, there are some key differences in where you are likely to find them. The most notable difference is that ravens are absent throughout most of the midwest and the southeast. Crows on the other hand, occupy most American ... The real difference is that the raven only has 4 pinion feathers (wing-tips), while the crow has 5. So the real difference is a matter of a pinion ReplyThe common raven has a really broad bill and the top section (called the culmen) is very rounded. The American crow also has a broad bill but the culmen is not quite as rounded. The red-winged blackbird has a short, pointed bill, reminiscent of needle-nose or long-nose pliers. You will also notice the nasal bristles on both the two larger birds ...A raven’s wingspan is much greater than that of a crow (3.5-4 ft / 1-1.2 m and 2.5 ft / 76 cm, respectively) and raven’s wing beats make a distinctive swishing sound while a crow’s are silent.A black crow flies over - but is it a Crow, a Rook or even a Raven? Let this video help you to separate these confusing species, along with their smaller cousins: Jackdaw and Chough. BTO bird identification videos are supported by NatureguidesSize. When comparing the raven and crow size, then ravens are larger, measuring around 24 – 27 inches. Due to their size, these corvids weigh more as well. …Brown v. Board was a landmark case that advanced the fight against segregation laws, but it was a long road to get there. Learn more at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement There's a reaso...Magpies tend to be black and white, blue, or green, whereas most crows are completely black. Crows make distinctive cup-shaped nests, while magpies’ nests are dome-shaped. Additionally, some species of crow migrate, but magpies do not migrate at all. Let’s discuss these differences in detail!The difference between a raven and a crow, it’s pretty minimal. They’re very hard to tell apart. To be honest, really, it’s just the color of the down at the base of the feathers. It’s white in a crow and brown in a raven. So unless you actually catch one and blow on it, you’re not really going to know the difference.Proportionately speaking, ravens sport notably longer primaries – the finger-like outer flight feathers – and tailfeathers than crows; a raven’s tail appears wedge-shaped compared to the blunter rear end of a crow. Ravens also have heavy, shaggy-looking throat feathers, or hackles, which crows lack.Crows and ravens normally don’t interbreed. However, in a study by Beth Jefferson in 1993, a rare case of successful hybridization between these two species was documented. The hybrids were almost raven-sized, with the wedge-shaped tail of a raven and the head structure of a crow.Fate Therapeutics News: This is the News-site for the company Fate Therapeutics on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks There are three species of raven in Australia, and three crows. Ravens are generally bigger than crows, but other differences - e.g. range, calls - are more reliable for identifying which species is which. Identification. Australian Ravens are black with white eyes in adults. Also, crows and ravens are different species within the same genus ( Corvus ). Crows are often seen in groups, while ravens are mostly seen in pairs. Ravens are also larger. They also have different calls. Crows caw, while ravens produce a sound that is like a croak. It's an OK pun for children, though. 2.Aug 25, 2022 · In conclusion, you can tell the difference between a raven and a crow by the regions in which you live. You can see whether it falls under the habitat of a crow or a raven. Moreover, when a bird is perching, you can notice the calls of that bird. If it resembles gronk-gronk, then a raven is croaking, and if it is craw-craw, it’s a crow. Mar 28, 2022 · Wingbeat of ravens and crows. When a raven flies overhead, you’ll hear a prominent “swish, swish” sound produced by its wings, while crows usually have a silent wingbeat. Tip #3. Take a glimpse of their tail. The tails also hint whether the black-feathered bird in flight is a raven or a crow. Ravens are often larger birds and tend to congregate only in pairs, while crows are more commonly seen in large flocks. Another difference between the two is the shape of the tail. While a crow’s tail is fan-shaped, the tail of a raven is more wedge-shaped. Of course, this is easier to spot when the bird is in flight. The raven is all black, has a 3.5-4 ft wingspan and is around 24-27 inches from head to tail. The crow is also black, has a 2.5 ft wingspan and is about 17 inches long. The raven weighs around 40 oz while the crow is 20 oz - half the weight of a raven. The raven has highly glossed plumage showing iridescent greens, blues, and purples. Raven vs Crow – 8 Key Differences Between A Raven And A Crow Difference between a raven and a crow Size of A Raven Vs Crow. The raven is a bigger bird, about the size of a red-tailed hawk. Crows, on the other hand, are about the size of a common pigeon. A raven can often be identified by its larger bill and tail and its flight pattern. Crows have blunt wings and ravens have pointy wings. Crows tail is shaped like a fan while the raven's tail is shaped like a diamond. Crows exist in groups and ravens are more solitary birds. Ravens have a shaggier throat while the throat of a crow is slimmer. A crow's coats are less shinner and glossier than ravens.Raven. Crow. Wingspan. The wingspan of a raven ranges anywhere between 46 to 54 inches. The wingspan of a crow can range anywhere between 32 to 40 inches. Size. Ravens are larger than crows measuring around 25 inches from beak to tail. Crows tend to be considerably smaller measuring around 19 inches from beak to tail. Lifespan.

Rook. Of the five species of black ‘crows’ found in the UK, the Rook can be told by its cone-shaped head and bare-skinned face. The Rook is a very sociable bird. It feeds in large, garrulous flocks in its favoured farmland habitat, seeking out a variety of seeds, roots and soil invertebrates. Rooks are colonial nesters, building their nests .... Target gift wrap

difference between a raven and a crow

May 17, 2021 ... Rooks have a grayish bill, lighter than the rest of their plumage, which has a blue gloss. You can easily tell a rook apart from a carrion crow ...The difference between a Raven and a Crow might seem obvious to some, but there’s a bit of a mystery for others. The confusion stems from the fact that these two birds are so alike in appearance and behavior that one might easily confuse the two. However, they are in fact different species that belong to different genera.Rook. Rooks ( Corvus frugilegus) are often seen together in groups known as rookeries. The male courts the female with a display of strutting, bowing and cawing; once they mate, between three to five eggs are laid. Rooks differ from crows by a pale, straighter bill with a bare grey bill base. They display ‘feathery trousers’ on their legs ...Crow vs. Raven: Up close and personal. Crows are more urban birds, while ravens prefer rural areas. Ravens average two feet in length, have wing spans as large as four feet and tip the scales at two and a half pounds. Crows average one and a half feet in height, have two-and-a-half foot wing spans, and run about 1.25 pounds.Mar 5, 2024 · The difference between a Raven and Crow is that crows are more minor and flat, but ravens are bigger and more powerful. Crows can live for a maximum of eight years, whereas ravens can live for 30 years. Crows are found in urban and populated areas, while ravens on the opposite side are not social and mostly live in wilder areas. Appearance. One of the most noticeable variations between crows and ravens lies in their physical attributes. While both birds possess black plumage, ravens are typically larger in size compared to crows. Ravens exhibit a larger bill, a more wedge-shaped tail, and a bulkier build. In contrast, crows are smaller in stature, resembling the size ...Synonyms: thrush, vulvovaginal candidiasis This is a yeast infection of the lower female reproductive tract. Rarely, male partners can suffer candidal ... Try our Symptom Checker G...Learn how to distinguish between a crow and a raven based on size, tail, call, and beak. A raven's call is lower and guttural, while a crow's is higher and more …There are also certain elements of a bird’s plumage or the size of its beak and tail that can identify it. Blackbirds, for instance, may have yellow heads or red on their wings, while the common crow is entirely black. There are also behavioral clues. Blackbirds and crows each have their own characteristic actions.Length 60-68cm. Habitats Woodland, Upland, Urban and Suburban, Marine and Intertidal, Farmland. UK breeding birds 7,400 pairs. Weight 800-1,500g. Wingspan 120-150cm. No results. The common raven is a big black bird, a member of the crow family. It is massive, bigger than a buzzard. It is all black with a large bill, and long wings.Learn how to identify a common raven and an American crow with these tips and tricks. Find out the differences in size, shape, color, beak, range and behavior of …Yet each species also has distinctive physical differences. The common raven is larger, at least twice the weight of the crow. Most birders rely on two ... Slimmer beak than raven, with a short tail that is squared off at the end (unlike ravens’ longer, wedge-shaped tails) Broader, shorter, and less pointed wings than ravens. American Crows make a clear-sounding caw that is higher pitched than the deeper croak of a raven. American Crows are almost as large as a chicken. The Common Raven is often mistaken for an American Crow in southern Canada and the United States. Both birds are from the same genus (order of passerine birds, corvid family –like jays, magpies and nutcrackers, Corvus genus) and have a similar colouring. But the American Crow is smaller (with a wingspan of about 75 cm) and has a fan-shaped tail …The Cornell Lab of Ornithology notes black-billed magpies measure anywhere from 17 to 23 inches in length, due to the long tail. Their wingspan is 22 to 24 inches and their weight ranges from 5 to 7 ounces. The American crow's shorter tail corresponds to a shorter body length of 16 to 21 inches. The crow's wingspan ranges from 34 to 39 inches ...Are you a die-hard Baltimore Ravens fan who never wants to miss a single play? Do you find yourself constantly searching for ways to watch the Ravens game live, no matter where you...All-black carrion crow (C. corone) in Europe may suggest a raven due to their largish bill but are still distinctly smaller and have the wing and tail shapes typical of crows. [38] In the Faroe Islands , a now-extinct white-and-black colour morph of this species existed, known as the pied raven ; [39] the ordinary black-coloured common ravens remain widespread …They’ve also got larger beaks, broader wings and a guttural caw. Austinites have likely seen crows in the western reaches of the city for several years, but they are much less numerous than ....

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